剑6 Test1 Section4

剑6 Test1 Section4

In the last few weeks we've been looking various aspects of the social history of London. And this morning we’re continuing with a look at life in the area called the East End. I'll start with a brief history of the district and then focus on life in the first half of the twentieth century.

Back in the first to forth centuries A.D. when the Romans controlled England London grew into a town of 45,000 people. And what's now the East End the area by the river Thames and along the road heading north-east from London to the coast - consisted of farmland with crops and livestock which helped to feed that population.

The Romans left in 410 at the beginning of the fifth country and from then onwards the country suffered a serious of invasions by tribes from present-day Germany and Denmark, the Angles, Saxons and Jutes many of whom settled in the East End. The technology they introduced meant that mental and leather goods were produced there for the first time. And as the East End was by the river ships could transport goods between there and foreign markets.

In 11th century in 1066 to be precise the Normans conquered England. And during the next few centuries London became of one of the most powerful and prosperous cities in Europe. The East End benefited from this and because there were few restrictions there than in the city itself, plenty of newcomers settled there from abroad bringing their skills as workers, merchants or money-lenders during the next few hundred years.

In the 16th century the first dock was dug where ships were constructed, eventually making the East End the focus of massive international trade. And in the late 16th century when much of the rest of England was suffering economically, a lot of agricultural workers came to the East End for alternative work.

In the 17th century the East End was still a series of separate, semi-rural of settlements. There was a shortage of accommodation so marshland was drained and built on to house the large numbers of people now living there.

By the 19th century London was the busiest port in the world and this became the main source of employment in the East End. Those who could afford to live in more pleasant surroundings moved out and the area became one where the vast majority of people lived in extreme poverty. And suffer from appalling sanitary conditions.

That brief outline takes us to the beginning of 20th century and now we’ll turn to housing.

At the beginning of the century, living conditions for the majority of working people in East London were very basic indeed. Houses were crowded closely together and usually very badly built because there was no regulation. But the poor and needy were attracted by the possibility of work and they have to be housed. It was availability rather than condition of the housing that was major concern for tenants and landlord alike.

Few houses had electricity this time so other sources of power were used like coal for the fires which heated perhaps just one room. Of cause the smoke from these contributed a great deal to the air pollution for which London used to be famous.

A tiny damp unhealthy house like this might well occupied by two full families possibly including several children, grandparents, aunts and uncles.

Now, before I go on to health implications in this way of life I'll say something about food and nutrition.