Financial Markets with Professor Robert Shiller by YaleCourses

Return is between minus 100% to positive infinity and gross return equals 1 + return. (cannot be negative)
numerator/denominator
geometric mean and arithmetic mean (if the return is 100%, no meaning for arithmetic average)
the expected value for continuous x
variance and deviation
covariance (individual stock and index movement relationship for example)
correlation
variance of sum: var(x+y) = = var(x) + var(y) + 2cov(x,y)

We had a big financial crisis in the United States in 1987, when there was a stock market crash that was bigger than any before in one day. We will be
talking about that. But after the 1987 crash, companies started to compute a measure of the risk to their company, which is called Value at Risk.
VaR, V and R are capitalized so that to differentiate the variance.
The calculation (e.g): 5% probability to lose $10 million dollars in a year. Need the model to calculate the probability.

To do: 3. Technology and Invention in Finance